Rangkuman Materi

1.    ARPAnet (US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) atau Departemen Pertahanan Amerika

2.    Pemerintah Amerika Serikat memberikan ijininternet  ke arah komersial pada awal tahun 1990.

3.    Internet (Inteconnected-Network) merupakan sekumpulan jaringan komputer yang menghubungkan berbagai macam situs.

4.    Protokol standar pada internet dikenal sebagai TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protokol/ Internet Protokol).

5.    Intranet adalah  konsep LAN yang mengadopsi teknologi internet. Intranet diperkenalkan pada tahun 1995. Khoe Yao Tung (1997)

6.    Internet adalah jaringan komputer yang menyediakan berbagai sumber informasi dan komunikasi yang bersifat global

7.    Sharing File (Data, Program) : Suatu data yang kita punya bisa dibaca atau diakses oleh user(pengguna komputer) lain yang telah terhubung melalui jaringan (Network).

8.    Sharing Device (CD-Drive, Harddisk, Printer) : Penggunaan suatu device bersama agar dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektifitas kerja.

9.    E-Mail (Electronic Mail) E-Mail merupakan metode pengiriman dokumen atau file melalui jaringan internet.

10.  World Wide Web (www) merupakan bagian dari internet yang menyediakan berbagai jenis resource yang dapat ditampilkan oleh pengguna

11.  File Transfer Protocol (FTP) merupaka suatu cara yang mudah, murah dan cepat untuk mentransfer file atau arsip data dari server internet ke computer anda atau sebaliknya.

12.  Chat adalah suatu fasilitas dimana kita dapat berkomunikasi dengan orang lain dimanapun dia berada, baik satu orang ataupun banyak orang secara on-line (terhubung langsung) dan real time (pada saat itu juga).

13.  SMS (Short Message Service) ialah fasilitas pengiriman pesan dari internet ke handphone. SMS ini tidak bias dilakukan secara dua arah.

14.  WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) ialah fasilitas pengaksesan internet melalui handphone. WAP ini terbatas hanya untuk web site tertentu yang menggunakan protokol yang sama namun diramalkan protokol ini akan terus berkembang.

15.  VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) ialah penggunaan telepon melalui intenet. VOIP merupakan teknologi penggabungan antara suara dan data.

16.  Tele Conference ialah seperti kita bertemu dengan orang lain untuk bertatap muka, tetapi dipisahkan oleh jarak dan waktu. Tele Conference ini merupakan teknologi penggabungan antara suara, data dan gambar.

17.  Mailing Lists merupakan pengembangan dari E-Mail, dimana melaui Mailing Lists ini kita dapat membentuk suatu grup tertentu dengan menggabungkan alamat – alamat E-Mail orang – orang yang akan bergabung ke dalam Mailing Lists tersebut.

18.  Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri atas komputer dan perangkat jaringan lainnya yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang sama. Tujuan dari jaringan komputer adalah:

Membagi sumber daya: contohnya berbagi pemakaian printer, CPU, memori, harddisk

Komunikasi: contohnya surat elektronik, instant messaging, chatting

Akses informasi: contohnya web browsing

19.  Pihak yang meminta layanan disebut klien (client) dan yang memberikan layanan disebut pelayan (server).

20.  Protokol Ethernet menggunakan metode kontrol akses media Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection untuk menentukan station mana yang dapat mentransmisikan data pada waktu tertentu melalui media yang digunakan

21.  Kinerja Ethernet yang seharusnya 10 Mbit/detik, jika dalam jaringan terpasang 100 node, umumnya hanya menghasilkan kinerja yang berkisar antara 40% hingga 55% dari bandwidth yang diharapkan (10 Mbit/detik).

22.  Protokol Token Ring adalah sebuah cara akses jaringan berbasis teknologi ring yang pada awalnya dikembangkan dan diusulkan oleh Olaf Soderblum pada tahun 1969.

23.  Spesifikasi asli dari standar Token Ring adalah kemampuan pengiriman data dengan kecepatan 4 megabit per detik (4 Mbps), dan kemudian ditingkatkan empat kali lipat, menjadi 16 megabit per detik

24.  Protokol Apple Talk adalah sebuah protokol jaringan yang dikembangkan khusus untuk jaringan yang terdiri atas komputer-komputer Apple Macintosh,

25.  AppleTalk adalah sebuah teknologi jaringan yang hanya mendukung hingga 254 node untuk tiap jaringan fisiknya.

26.  EtherTalk (untuk konektivitas dengan Ethernet), TokenTalk (untuk konektivitas dengan Token Ring), dan FDDITalk (untuk konektivitas dengan FDDI).

27.  Protokol FDDI adalah standar komunikasi data menggunakan fiber optic pada LAN dengan panjang sampai 200 km. sebuah ring FDDI memiliki kecepatan 100 Mbps.

28.  Asynchronous Transfer Mode (disingkat ATM)

Adalah protokol jaringan yang berbasis sel, yaitu paket-paket kecil yang berukuran tetap (48 byte data + 5 byte header).

29.  Metode lainnya adalah transfer secara sinkron, yang disebut sebagai STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode).

1.    Local Area Network biasa disingkat LAN adalah jaringan komputer yang jaringannya hanya mencakup wilayah kecil; seperti jaringan komputer kampus, gedung, kantor, dalam rumah, sekolah atau yang lebih kecil. Saat ini, kebanyakan LAN berbasis pada teknologi IEEE 802.3 Ethernet menggunakan perangkat switch, yang mempunyai kecepatan transfer data 10, 100, atau 1000 Mbit/s.

2.    WAN adalah singkatan dari istilah teknologi informasi dalam bahasa Inggris: Wide Area Network merupakan jaringan komputer yang mencakup area yang besar sebagai contoh yaitu jaringan komputer antar wilayah, kota atau bahkan negara, atau dapat didefinisikan juga sebagai jaringan komputer yang membutuhkan router dan saluran komunikasi publik.

 3.    Metropolitan area network atau disingkat dengan MAN. Suatu jaringan dalam suatu kota dengan transfer data berkecepatan tinggi, yang menghubungkan berbagai lokasi seperti kampus, perkantoran, pemerintahan, dan sebagainya. Jaringan MAN adalah gabungan dari beberapa LAN. Jangkauan dari MAN ini antar 10 hingga 50 km,

4.    Server adalah suatu unit komputer yang berfungsi untuk mentimpan informasi dan untuk mengelola suatu jaringan komputer dan melayani seluruh workstation dalam jaringan

30.  Workstation adalah keseluruhan komputer dalam suatu jaringan yang terhubung ke file server dan memanfaatkan sumber daya yang ada di server disebut workstation. Sebuah workstation minimal mempunyai kartu jaringan, aplikasi jaringan, kabel untuk menghubungkan komputer lain.

31.  Kabel dalam workstation akan berfungsi bila ada kabel yang menghubungkan komputer satu dengan komputer lain. Jenis kabel yang digunakan adalah:

Ø  Kabel koaksial (Co-Cable)

Ø  Kabel UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Ø  Kabel Fiber Optic

32. Network Interface Card (NIC) atau Kartu Jaringan merupakan perangkat yang menyediakan media untuk menghubungkan antar komputer.

33.  Topologi jaringan adalah, hal yang menjelaskan hubungan geometris antara unsur-unsur dasar penyusun jaringan, yaitu node, link, dan station

34.  Topologi bintang merupakan bentuk topologi jaringan yang berupa konvergensi dari node tengah ke setiap node atau pengguna.

35.  Pada topologi Bus, kedua unjung jaringan harus diakhiri dengan sebuah terminator. Barel connector dapat digunakan untuk memperluasnya. Jaringan hanya terdiri dari satu saluran kabel yang menggunakan kabel BNC

36.  Topologi Cincin adalah topologi jaringan dimana setiap titik terkoneksi ke dua titik lainnya, membentuk jalur melingkar membentuk cincin.

37.  Sistem jaringan model peer to peer memungkinkan seorang pengguna membagi sumber daya yang ada di komputernya, baik itu berupa file data, printer dan lainlain serta mengakses sumber daya yang terdapat pada komputer lain.

38.   Jaringan client srver memungkinkan jaringan untuk mensentralisasi fungsi dan aplikasi kepada satu atau dua dedicated file server.

39.  Perangkat keras yang digunakan untuk akses internet meliputi, komputer, modem, dan jaringan komunikasi

40.  Modem (Modulator Demodulator) merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan komputer dengan line telepon yang berfungsi mengkonfersikan sinyal analog (telepon) menjadi sinyal digital (komputer) dan juga sebaliknya. Modem berkecepatan minimal 28.800 bps.

Bella Swan | Kristen Jaymes Stewart

Bella Swan | Kristen Jaymes Stewart

The Character

Name: Bella Swan

Type: Human-later Vampire

Special Ability: Shields herself and others from mental attacks

About Them: Isabella "Bella" Marie Swan, later Isabella Marie Cullen, is an average, clumsy, accident-prone girl who moves from Phoenix, Arizona, to Forks, Washington, to live with her father, Charlie. Though many boys are attracted to her when she arrives, she falls in love with Edward Cullen, a mysterious boy she discovers to be a vampire. Desperate not to lose him, Bella vows to stay with Edward, even if it means turning into a vampire herself, despite Edward's wishes. In an effort to keep her safe, he leaves the town of Forks. Jacob Black, a werewolf from the Quileute tribe and the son of Bella's father's best friend, comforts her in that time and Bella falls in love with him as well.

Bella is described as an understanding, caring, serious, shy, and intelligent person, with a very dry sense of humor, and is noted for being very clumsy, and also stubborn. She has a very private mind, which is thought to be why Edward is unable to see her thoughts, and she is determined to become a vampire. She is also said to be terrible at lying, but occasionally demonstrates good acting ability. Bella becomes faint at the smell of blood, though this does not bother her once she becomes a vampire — this trait may also be the reason why Bella does not hunger for blood as strongly as most newborn vampires.

After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward Cullen in Breaking Dawn, she becomes very beautiful-her already pale skin becoming even whiter, her hair becoming darker, and her lips becoming fuller. After her transformation she has the ability to shield her and others' minds from mental attacks. With her newfound ability, it is also discovered that Bella is incredibly self-controlled, much to the astonishment of the whole Cullen family-mostly Jasper. Bella learns to remove the shield from her own mind with the help of Kate, another vampire, and surprises Edward one night with all of her thoughts he has always missed out on.

Bella is described in the novels as being pale-skinned with brown hair and eyes, and a heart shaped face. Beyond this, a detailed description of her appearance is never given in the series. Stephenie Meyer explains that she "left out a detailed description of Bella in the book so that the reader could more easily step into her shoes." While Meyer stresses that "Bella's looks are open to interpretation", she does supply her own personal interpretation on her website, describing Bella as: "very fair-skinned, with long, straight, dark brown hair and chocolate brown eyes. Her face is heart-shaped—a wide forehead with a widow's peak, large, wide-spaced eyes, prominent cheekbones, and then a thin nose and a narrow jaw with a pointed chin. Her lips are a little out of proportion, a bit too full for her jaw line. Her eyebrows are darker than her hair and more straight than they are arched. She's five foot four inches tall, slender but not at all muscular, and weighs about 115 pounds. She has stubby fingernails because she has a nervous habit of biting them." Stephenie Meyer has stated that Bella's "tragic flaw" in Eclipse is her lack of self-knowledge. After being turned into a vampire, she describes having a more clear view of the world.

Their Early History: Due to being human, there is no past for Bella Swan. Only the future lies ahead of her.

Actor Biography

Name: Kristen Jaymes Stewart

Nick Name(s): Kris, KStew

Date of Birth: April 9th 1990

Height: 5’6”

Hair: Long Brunette

Eye Color: Green

Fun Fact: Kristen got a record player for her birthday because of her love for classic rock.

Hometown(s): Los Angeles, California; Colorado

Career: Kristen Stewart started off her acting career with a bang after an agent saw her perform in a school Christmas show at eight years old. She landed the major role of Jodie Foster’s diabetic daughter in Panic Room. The film was a success and Stewart got noticed for her performance. She then was caste in Cold Creek Manor, however the film was not a big hit at the box office. Next she played the lead in the kids-comedy Catch that Kid! and was a success for the younger crowd. One of her most memorable films is Speak where Kristen played a young teenage girl who after being raped stops all verbal contact with those around her. Kristen received high praise for her performance even though she had only a few speaking lines, but kept up a dark-witted commentary inside her head throughout the film. She then landed several other roles in various films including Zathura, Fierce People, and In the Land of Women all which received mixed reviews and success. She got back on track with Into the Wild with her sturdy superb performance as Tracy, a teenage singer with a crush on a young adventurer. Since then her other films include Adventure Land, Jumper, and Twilight, where she plays clumsy, recluse Bella Swan. Her next roles include New Moon, K-11, and The Runaways.

About Them: Kristen Jaymes Stewart was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, to her father, John Stewart, who is a stage manager and television producer who works for Fox and her mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, who is a scriptwriter who came from Sydney, Australia. She attended school until the seventh grade when she then continued her education by correspondence/homeschool. She has an older brother, Cameron Stewart, she plays the guitar, and she is a fan of rock music-her favorite bands include U2, Radiohead, The Beatles, The Specials, Laura Marling, Green Day, Nirvana and Beck. In a 2008 interview with Vanity Fair, Kristen confirmed she is dating actor Michael Angarano. Stewart has expressed a desire to live and work in Australia, saying, "I want to go to Sydney University in Australia. My mom's from there.” Stewart is very close friends with her Twilight co-star Nikki Reed. Kristen loves to surf and has three dogs: Oz, a border collie mix, Jack and Lily who are mutts. She also owns a cat named 'Jella'. She has appeared in a commercial for Porsche-ironic from the standpoint ofTwilight. Although born in LA, she was raised during some of her early years in Colorado. She greatly admires actor Heath Ledger and actress Evan Rachel Wood. Kristen’s favorite book is East of Eden by John Steinbeck. She wants to go to college to major in literature. Kristen is ranked #8 in AIM's 100 Celebs Under 25. Her favorite horror movie is The Shining.

Quick Quote: (about her love for acting) “I love it because I love to tell stories. I like being in movies that have a great story. I'm not so interested in being a Hollywood star. It's a job, you know. When you wake up at six in the morning every day for a week, it feels like hard work.”

Edward Cullen | Robert Thomas Pattinson

The Character

Name: Edward Cullen

Type: Vampire

Special Ability: Hears the thoughts of others-with the exception of Bella Swan

About Them: Edward is known for being charming, polite, determined, and very stubborn. He is very protective over Bella and puts her safety, humanity, and welfare before anything else. He often over-analyzes situations and has a tendency to overreact-especially in situations where Bella's safety is at risk. He often uses outdated speech and grammar from his human life in the early 20th century. Edward is impossibly beautiful. His skin is "like marble"—very pale, ice cold, and sparkles like diamonds in the sunlight. His facial features are perfect and angular—high cheekbones, strong jawline, a straight nose, and full lips. His hair, which is always messy, retains the unusual bronze shade that he inherited in from his biological mother. His eyes, once green, are now described as gold.

Edward has certain unique abilities that are his alone. He is the fastest of the Cullens-able to outrun any of them and almost any other vampire alive. Perhaps as a result of a talent for empathy in his human life, Edward can now also read the mind of anyone within a few miles of himself; Bella is the sole exception to this rule, which Meyer has stated is due to Bella having a very private mind. Edward finds it very frustrating to not be able to read Bella’s thoughts; however, Bella prizes it very highly.

Edward is musical as he is able to play the piano like it is second nature. He enjoys a wide range of music, including classical, jazz, progressive metal, alternative rock, and punk rock, but dislikes country. He prefers indie rock to mainstream, and appreciates rock and classical music equally. He mentions inTwilight that he likes music from the fifties better than the sixties, dislikes the seventies, and says the eighties were "bearable." Edward also composes music and Esme always brightens up whenever she hears Edward playing or composing. In Twilight we hear of Esme’s favorite composition and the new song he composes for Bella: Bella’s Lullaby.

Edward has the expensive hobby of collecting cars. He owns a Volvo S60 R and an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish as a "special occasion" car. He also gives his sister, Alice, a Porsche 911 Turbo as a gift inEclipse for holding Bella hostage while he was gone. He bought a motorcycle to ride alongside Bella, but gave it to Jasper after he realized that riding motorcycles was a hobby she enjoyed sharing with Jacob.

Their Early History: Edward Cullen, originally born Edward Anthony Masen, was actually born on June 20, 1901 in Chicago Illinois. He is the adopted son of Carlisle and Esme Cullen, the adopted brother of Rosalie, Emmett, Alice and Jasper, and the husband of Bella Swan. While dying of the Spanish influenza in 1918, Edward was changed into a vampire by Dr. Carlisle Cullen after Edward's mother, Elizabeth, begged him to save Edward as her dying wish. Carlisle instilled in him a sense of morality uncommon in most vampires, and central to his way of life is the refusal to consider humans as food. Being a stubborn person, Edward often struggles with himself and the way of life he leads during his younger years as a vampire. Carlisle had faith and love beyond measure with Edward however, and let him leave every time Edward decided to run off. In the end, Edward accepted who he was, and stayed with Carlisle as the family grew.

Actor Biography

Name: Robert Thomas Pattinson

Nick Name(s): Rob, Rpattz, Spunk Ransom

Date of Birth: May 13th 1986

Height: 6’1”

Hair: Light Brown

Eye Color: Blue-Grey

Fun Fact: According to Robert, he has a terrible memory.

Hometown(s): London, England

Career: Robert Pattinson started his modeling career at the age of twelve. It lasted only four short years as his masculine appearance was undesirable. He stated that "when I first started I was quite tall and looked like a girl, so I got lots of jobs, because it was during that period where the androgynous look was cool. Then, I guess, I became too much of a guy, so I never got any more jobs. I had the most unsuccessful modeling career." However, his acting career has already had far more success than his modeling career. He started off with a supporting role in Vanity Fair, while his scenes did not make the theater version, his scenes did appear on the DVD. He next played the role of Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Next to Twilight it is one of the roles he is most remembered for. He has also been in How to Be, Twilight, and Little Ashes. His role in Twilight made him a teenage heartthrob, or really a lady’s man in general. He is next appearance includes New Moonand if slated for filming, Eclipse.

About Them: Robert Thomas Pattinson was born in London, England with his mother, Clare, who worked for a modeling agency, and his father, Richard, who imported vintage cars from the U.S. He became involved in amateur theatre through the Barnes Theatre Company and after some backstage experience there, he eventually took on acting roles. He caught the attention of an acting agent in a production of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, and then began looking for professional roles. Considered quitting acting before getting the role of Art in How To Be. He enjoys music and is an excellent musician, playing both the guitar and piano. He is a marvelous sportsman playing football (soccer), skiing, snowboarding, and more. He has a dog named Patty. Robert had to learn how to dive for his role in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. After being cast as Edward Cullen in Twilight, there was a petition with 75,000 signatures against Robert playing the part. Robert was named the "next Jude Law" by Teen People. Pattinson has been featured in magazines such as Vanity Fair and Rolling Stone; and has had features on the cover of Entertainment Weekly three times in 2008. He admires Jack Nicholson. Favorite musical artists include Van Morrison, Kings of Leon, and Laura Marling. Co-wrote and performed "Never Think" and also performed “Let Me Sign” for the Twilight Soundtrack. James Dean is his fashion inspiration.

Quick Quote: “Up until I was 12 my sisters used to dress me up as a girl and introduce me as 'Claudia'! Twelve was a turning point as I moved to a mixed school and then I became cool and discovered hair gel.”